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Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark • Volume 50/2

Prehistoric settlements and Holocene relative sea-level changes in northwest Sjælland, Denmark

Hede, S.U. 2003–12–15: Prehistoric settlements and Holocene relative sea-level changes in northwest Sjælland, Denmark. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, Vol. 50, pp. 141–149. © 2003 by Geological Society of Denmark. ISSN 0011–6297.

Abstract: The topographic and geographic distribution of the Mesolithic and Neolithic habitations seen today in the Saltbæk Vig area, north-west Sjælland are directly related to relative sea-level changes of the Littorina Sea. The archaeological data indicate that the settlements changed their topographic positions from lower to higher ground. This pattern is explained by a rising relative sea-level during the Atlantic and early Subboreal period. Geological investigations of this phenomenon focused on changes in relative sea-level documented by the sedimentary record. At Smakkerup Huse, a late Mesolithic site, a sequence of stacked transgressive and regressive sediment deposits confirmed that the occupation coincided with a slowing rate of relative sea-level rise and beginning of relative sea-level fall during the late Atlantic period. The timing of the changes in relative sea-level was obtained by radiocarbon measurements of wood and bone fragments together with implements retrieved from contemporaneous sediment deposits. A rise in relative sea-level during the early Subboreal forced the inhabitants at Smakkerup Huse and in the Saltbæk Vig area to relocate to higher grounds.

Key words: Holocene, relative sea-level changes, Littorina transgressions, Sjælland, Denmark, sequence stratigraphy, Mesolithic and Neolithic settlements.

Address: Signe Ulfeldt Hede [ ], Geological Institute, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.

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Salix polaris leaves dated at 14.3 ka BP from northern Jylland

Korsager, B., Bennike, O. & Houmark-Nielsen, M. 2003–12–15: Salix polaris leaves dated at 14.3 ka BP from northern Jylland, Denmark. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, Vol. 50, pp. 151– 155, Copenhagen. © 2003 by Geological Society of Denmark. ISSN 0011–6297.

Abstract: Leaves of the tiny willow Salix polaris Wahlenberg from a lake deposit in northern Jylland have been dated to c. 14,300 cal. years BP. These are some of the oldest dated plant remains after the last deglaciation from an on-shore deposit in Denmark. Salix polaris was probably one of the first woody plants that immigrated to Denmark, where it played an important role on the raw, carbonate rich but unstable soils.

Key words: Late-glacial, Denmark, macrofossils, Salix polaris, palaeoenvironments.

Address: B. Korsager [ ], Århusgade 107, 3tv, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark¸O. Bennike, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark & M. Houmark-Nielsen, Geological Institute, Copenhagen University, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen K, Denmark.

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Stratigraphy and sea-level fluctuations in the Upper Miocene Gram Formation, south-western Denmark

Hansen, J. & Hansen, T. 2003–12–15: Stratigraphy and sea-level fluctuations in the Upper Miocene Gram Formation, south-western Denmark. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, Vol. 50, pp. 157–169, Copenhagen. © 2003 by Geological Society of Denmark. ISSN 0011–6297.

Correlation between four published and one unpublished lithological logs from the Gram clay pit permits a comparison between previous studies of this critical exposure. The boundary between the Gram Clay and the Gram Silt in the Gram clay pit is redefined. A sea-level curve, based mainly on foraminiferal data from the Sæd, Gram and Lille Tønde borings in southern Jutland, is constructed and compared with a published sea-level curve from the North Sea. It appears that sea level recorded from southern Jutland was controlled mainly by eustacy.

Key words: Denmark, Gram Formation, Miocene, lithostratigraphy, sea-level fluctuations.

Address: J. Hansen [ ], Tromsø Museum Universitetsmuseet, Lars Thørrings vei 10, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway and T. Hansen [thoha@nhm.uio.no], Geological Museum, Boks 1172 Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway. 28 October 2003.

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Alteration of detrital Fe-Ti oxides in Miocene fluvial deposits, central Jutland, Denmark

Weibel, R. 2003–12–15: Alteration of detrital Fe-Ti oxides in Miocene fluvial deposits, central Jutland, Denmark. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, Vol. 50, pp. 171–183. Copenhagen. © 2003 by Geological Society of Denmark. ISSN 0011–6297.

Abstract: Miocene fluvial sands from an outcrop at Voervadsbro in central Jutland were studied to assess the Fe-Ti oxides and their alteration products forming during a warm, humid climate and under the influence of scattered organic material. The opaque minerals and their alteration products were investigated by optical light microscope, reflection microscope, microprobe, scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction. The detrital Fe-Ti oxides consist of, in decreasing order, ilmenite, titanomagnetite, magnetite, rutile, hematite and silicified leucoxene. Degradation of organic matter created mildly reducing and neutral-acid conditions under which the Fe-Ti oxides (ilmenite, titanomagnetite, magnetite and hematite) were unstable. Ilmenite has a three-step alteration process: ilmenite → pseudorutile → fine leucoxene → coarse leucoxene (single crystals of rutile or anatase). Alteration of titanomagnetite commonly resulted in coarse leucoxene in a trellis texture. Alteration of ilmenite lamellae in titanomagnetite is typically complete, probably because of their small size compared to ilmenite grains. Colloidal leucoxene is an alteration product of ilmenite and titanomagnetite. The formation of colloidal leucoxene seems to be related to organic matter or elements associated with it. Magnetite has been partly dissolved, preferentially around the rim and along fissures. Hematite is rarely a detrital grain due to intensive dissolution, and the exsolution lamellae of hematite are invariably more altered than the ilmenite host. Oxidising conditions prevailed locally e.g. in coarse-grained foresets without organic material and at the atmospheric interface of bogs. In this environment dissolved iron (originating from the alteration of Fe-Ti oxides) precipitated mainly as goethite.

Keywords: Alteration, Fe-Ti oxides, ilmenite, pseudorutile, leucoxene, colloidal leucoxene, titanomagnetite, hematite, Miocene, Odderup Formation, fluvial sands, organic material, warm temperate - subtropical climate.

Address: Rikke Weibel [ ], Department of Earth Sciences, University of Aarhus, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark. Current address: Skamol A/S, Skarrehagevej 26, DK-7900 Nykøbing Mors, Denmark. 4 July 2003.

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Trace fossils from the Lower and Middle Jurassic marginal marine deposits of the Sorthat Formation, Bornholm, Denmark

Bromley, R.G. & Uchman, A. 2003–12–18. Trace fossils from the Lower and Middle Jurassic marginal marine deposits of the Sorthat Formation, Bornholm, Denmark. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark, Vol. 52, pp. 185–208. Copenhagen. © 2003 by Geological Society of Denmark. ISSN 0011–6297.

Abstract: The Lower to Middle Jurassic Sorthat and Bagå Formations of the Baltic island of Bornholm, Denmark, are a predominantly fluviatile unit. On the south coast of the island at Korsodde, however, an interval within the Sorthat Formation contains a diverse trace fossil assemblage indicating a marine incursion. Study of this interval revealed 15 ichnotaxa, among which one is new: Bornichnus tortuosus nov. igen. et isp. Several of the trace fossils present are generally considered characteristic of the lower shoreface to offshore environments (e.g. Teichichnus and Asterosoma). However, the low degree of bioturbation and ichnodiversity, and sedimentological features, indicate an environment influenced by salinity fluctuation, probably a tidally influenced delta. Five ichnofabrics are defined that describe this setting and which may be indicative of marginal-marine environments that are influenced by salinity fluctuations.

Key words: Ichnofabrics, trace fossils, palaeoenvironmental analysis, Jurassic, Denmark, Bornichnus, Diplocraterion, Asterosoma.

Richard G. Bromley [ ], Geological Institute, Copenhagen University, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 København K, Denmark. Alfred Uchman [fred@geos.ing.uj.edu.pl],

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